Prosecutors and the defense alike argued Caroline Ellison should be sentenced to time served—and without her, the scale of Sam Bankman-Fried’s crimes may never have been uncovered.

Caroline Ellison was a key member of Sam Bankman-Fried’s inner circle, turning into a star witness against him during a high-stakes trial last year.

Ellison was the former CEO of Alameda Research, the sister trading firm of FTX, which collapsed in 2022 after a multibillion-dollar black hole emerged in the exchange’s finances.

A damning investigation later revealed that FTX customer funds had been used to make risky bets without the customers’ knowledge, with Alameda being given a secretive “backdoor” that allowed the hedge fund to withdraw seemingly endless amounts of money.

While she could have faced up to 110 years behind bars, an early guilty plea made it unlikely she’d spend the rest of her life in prison—and in a rare turn of events, both the prosecution and the defense called for her to be sentenced to time served.

At a courtroom in Manhattan on Tuesday, Ellison apologized to all those who lost money at FTX. She said “not a day goes by” where she doesn’t reflect on the harm caused to the many innocent victoms.

“The human brain is truly bad at understanding big numbers. I participated in a criminal conspiracy that ultimately stole billions of dollars from people who entrusted their money with us.”
Ellison

In a sympathetic note to Judge Lewis Kaplan, prosecutors praised her “extraordinary cooperation with the government” and said this should be reflected in her punishment. The note concluded:

“The government cannot think of another cooperating witness in recent history who has received a greater level of attention and harassment. The attendant professional consequences of this level of notoriety are obvious and unlikely to be shortlived. Throughout, however, and certainly during her testimony, Ellison steadfastly remained candid and dedicated to telling the truth—as embarrassing as it often was for her—and in assisting with bringing the most culpable party to justice.

At the hearing, the judge declared that Ellison had been “very incriminating of herself,” consistent in her testimony, and a 110-year term would be “absurd.”

However, the judge concluded that she was “by no means free of culpability” and sentenced her to two years in prison.

Why prosecutors praised Ellison

Faced with Bankman-Fried’s “systematic destruction of evidence,” prosecutors argued that Ellison provided “credible and detailed information” about her significant role in his crimes, allowing them to establish a clearer picture of his wrongdoing.

It was also noted that Ellison had cautioned SBF against Alameda’s aggressive borrowing, predicting that the firm would eventually have to use FTX funds if the market turned.

“As FTX collapsed, Bankman-Fried persisted in publicly denying knowledge and fault. Ellison, on the other hand, expressed relief that the fraud was exposed, and responsibility for her wrongdoing,” prosecutors wrote in their sentencing remarks. The judge agreed that she had cooperated fully, while Bankman-Fried was “the opposite.”

After making her way through an almighty paparazzi scrum during the three days she gave evidence, Ellison spoke of her on-off relationship with SBF, directly accused him of committing crimes, and claimed his unkempt appearance was a deliberate attempt to boost FTX’s image.

Her testimony played a pivotal role in Bankman-Fried’s conviction and subsequent 25-year prison sentence for defrauding customers and investors. He is currently appealing his punishment.

Pointing out that many of the allegations would have been difficult to prove without her help, prosecutors added: “The timeliness of Ellison’s cooperation contributed to the speed with which the government was able to indict Bankman-Fried, ensuring that he did not flee the Bahamas or further obstruct the government’s investigation.”

While some argue that Ellison’s sentence is unduly lenient, prosecutors emphasized that she would face consequences for years to come.

They noted that Bankman-Fried had leaked her private writings to The New York Times in an attempt to undercut her testimony — and delicate details she had shared to a therapist had ended up appearing in Going Infinite by Michael Lewis. Prosectuors wrote last week:

Her physical appearance was scrutinized and criticized, and she was mocked in memes and other content on social media. Numerous films and TV shows are in production about the downfall of FTX, which will only perpetuate the public scrutiny Ellison has faced to date … the attendant professional consequences of this level of notoriety are obvious.

Ellison’s lawyer added that their client “will carry shame and remorse to her grave” — and Bankman-Fried had a direct role in warping her moral compass.

Anjan Sahni went on to note that she was also affected when FTX suddenly suspended withdrawals and careened into bankruptcy, as “the vast majority of her savings” were on this platform.

“She will never profit from her role in this crime,” Sahni added.

Ellison, who turns 30 in November, was portrayed as someone focused on rebuilding her life through volunteering and writing a math textbook. It is unlikely she will retain any of the earnings she made at Alameda Research. Her legal team wrote:

Caroline’s participation in the criminal conspiracies at Alameda Research is a dramatic departure from her otherwise law-abiding nature. She poses no risk of recidivism. Sending Caroline to prison is entirely unnecessary, either for specific deterrence or to safeguard the public. Caroline is unlikely to reoffend because she did not commit these crimes out of greed.

There is no discounting the seriousness of Ellison’s crimes or her role in damaging the financial health of countless FTX customers. But in the eyes of both the prosecution and the defense, she was also crucial in untangling the mess that followed.

Almost two years on, and 98% of those owed money by this doomed exchange are receiving their initial investments in full — along with an additional 18% on top as compensation.

The outcome could have been very different had Ellison not cooperated so closely—reflected in the sentence she received.